一 :問題的提出

 龍門起重(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)是應用(yong)(yong)極為(wei)廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種起重(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)械 ， 在(zai)碼頭 、倉庫 、貨校 、麟夭堆場等處(chu) ，幾乎都(dou)能見到它們 .龍門起重(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji) ， 頻繁(fan)地處(chu)于重(zhong)(zhong)負載起動(dong)(dong) 、 制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)和(he)正反(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)相互交(jiao)(jiao)替的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)狀態 ， 其傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi) ，大(da)(da)(da)都(dou)采用(yong)(yong)鼓形控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi) 、凸輪控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)來逐(zhu)級切除(chu)繞線(xian)(xian)式(shi)異步 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外接(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu) ， 實 現 起 動(dong)(dong) 和(he)調 速(su) 。 為(wei)減(jian)少電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)觸頭數量(liang) ，小(xiao)(xiao)功率(lv) 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)常采用(yong)(yong)不(bu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，較大(da)(da)(da)容(rong)量(liang)功率(lv)在(zai)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)或(huo)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)繁(fan)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji) ，則采用(yong)(yong)手輪式(shi)或(huo)手柄(bing)式(shi)主(zhu)令控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi) ， 配用(yong)(yong)保(bao)護(hu)箱(xiang) 、控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屏 ，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)接(jie)入(ru)對(dui)(dui)(dui)稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)于雙小(xiao)(xiao)車 、多鉤等更為(wei)復雜(za)(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍門起重(zhong)(zhong)機(ji) ，往往將上(shang)(shang)面(mian)兩種控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)結(jie)合(he)起來 ，采用(yong)(yong)聯動(dong)(dong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臺控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) ，用(yong)(yong)個(ge)手柄(bing)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)個(ge)機(ji)構 。為(wei)適應起重(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)整個(ge)作(zuo)業(ye)面(mian)夜蓋的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要 ，小(xiao)(xiao)車及起升機(ji)構要能在(zai)橋(qiao)架梁上(shang)(shang)往復運行 。龍門起重(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行與(yu)起升機(ji)構常規(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)可分為(wei)兩類硬滑線(xian)(xian)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鋼(gang)(gang)質滑線(xian)(xian)有角鋼(gang)(gang) 、圓俐 、方(fang)鋼(gang)(gang) 、鋼(gang)(gang)管等 ，與(yu)之配套(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)車集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)已有定型(xing)產品等 ，銅(tong)質滑線(xian)(xian)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)車線(xian)(xian) 一(yi),圓銅(tong)線(xian)(xian)等。軟電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)拖動(dong)(dong)式(shi) ,懸掛式(shi) 、導輪式(shi) 、卷筒(tong)式(shi)等。為(wei)此(ci)，需要在(zai)橋(qiao)架梁上(shang)(shang)安(an)裝一(yi)大(da)(da)(da)排導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)角鐵 、圓鋼(gang)(gang)，或(huo)把多根電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)捆扎起來懸掛于橋(qiao)架梁支架或(huo)鋼(gang)(gang)絲繩(sheng)上(shang)(shang),隨小(xiao)(xiao)車來回(hui)拖動(dong)(dong)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于具有三合(he)繞線(xian)(xian)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)車、起升系統(tong)，所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)諫線(xian)(xian),加(jia)(jia)速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)膽切換線(xian)(xian)、限位(wei)開關線(xian)(xian)等加(jia)(jia)在(zai)一(yi)起所(suo)需滑觸線(xian)(xian)在(zai)乙十根以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。如此(ci)龐雜(za)(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)，不(bu)但使(shi)結(jie)構復雜(za)(za)，成本增高，維修(xiu)不(bu)便，而且還存在(zai)不(bu)少問題如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)線(xian)(xian)在(zai)慈(ci)天條件下頻繁(fan)地折迭拉伸，經(jing)受風吹雨淋，絕緣很(hen)易老化，甚(shen)至(zhi)剝落斷裂。同時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)線(xian)(xian)為(wei)減(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)壓降 ， 以(yi)滿足(zu)起重(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)允許總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓損失最大(da)(da)(da)值小(xiao)(xiao)于的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求，對(dui)(dui)(dui)鋼(gang)(gang)質滑線(xian)(xian)為(wei)考慮交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)集膚效(xiao)應對(dui)(dui)(dui)載流(liu)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，都(dou)必須加(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)(da)截面(mian)。因而使(shi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)又粗又笨，加(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)表層裸露，導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)銹蝕磨損，接(jie)觸不(bu)良等，很(hen)容(rong)易造成機(ji)械、人身事故如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)斷相運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，吊鉤、鋼(gang)(gang)絲繩(sheng)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于跨度在(zai)米以(yi)上(shang)(shang)，起重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)大(da)(da)(da)，工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)繁(fan)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍門起重(zhong)(zhong)機(ji),這 種傳(chuan)統(tong)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾就(jiu)更為(wei)突出。不(bu)計(ji)算事故俘叨‘的(de)(de)(de)(de)累計(ji)損失，單(dan)就(jiu)換一(yi)次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)線(xian)(xian)，工(gong)(gong)料(liao) 費(fei)用(yong)(yong)就(jiu)在(zai)萬無以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。因而，探討對(dui)(dui)(dui)龍門起重(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)這種傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)進(jin)行改進(jin),其實際效(xiao)益是很(hen)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。 

二 :有線遙控

隨著電(dian)子(zi)技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展及電(dian)子(zi)元器件質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)，“ 強電(dian)弱(ruo)控(kong) "已開始應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)到龍(long)門起重(zhong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)氣(qi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)上。近幾年來(lai) ，國(guo)內出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遙(yao)控(kong)方案(an)有(you)無(wu)線(xian)遙(yao)控(kong)通過對(dui)(dui)(dui)一定頻率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)線(xian)電(dian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)頻信號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調制(zhi)(zhi)、發射(she)(she)和(he)接收 、解調 、放大(da) ，來(lai)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)執行元件動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo) 。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靈(ling)教度和(he)發射(she)(she)功率已不成問題。對(dui)(dui)(dui)發射(she)(she)機(ji)(ji) 、接收機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求 ，主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定性(xing)(xing)，執行元件動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準確性(xing)(xing)及氣(qi)候變化和(he)惡劣環境下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)干擾性(xing)(xing)能(neng)等指(zhi)標 。因(yin)為高(gao)(gao)(gao)空裝卸作(zuo)(zuo)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)控(kong) ，其后果是(shi)嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。由(you)(you)于(yu)無(wu)線(xian) 遙(yao)控(kong)對(dui)(dui)(dui)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)未(wei)能(neng)力、維修條件有(you)較高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求，因(yin)而尚未(wei)能(neng)進人大(da)規模推廣應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)階段。有(you)線(xian)遙(yao)控(kong)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)導線(xian)滑(hua)觸線(xian)或電(dian)纜(lan)作(zuo)(zuo)為傳送(song)多路控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)信號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通道，來(lai)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)起重(zhong)機(ji)(ji)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)。遙(yao)控(kong)操縱臺可(ke)(ke)定點設(she)置在(zai)司機(ji)(ji)室(shi)，還可(ke)(ke)設(she)置在(zai)地(di)面(mian)并(bing)可(ke)(ke)自由(you)(you)移動(dong).因(yin) 而，有(you)線(xian)遙(yao)控(kong)也可(ke)(ke)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫,粉(fen)塵,有(you)害氣(qi)體等環境，或司機(ji)(ji)視(shi)野受限制(zhi)(zhi)，司機(ji)(ji)室(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)達三、四(si)十米，上下不便的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種大(da)跨度橋式(shi)起重(zhong)機(ji)(ji)，抓斗(dou)式(shi) 、集(ji)裝箱式(shi)裝卸橋及各種龍(long)門起重(zhong)機(ji)(ji)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)有(you)線(xian)遙(yao)控(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最基本要(yao)(yao)(yao)求,首(shou)先是(shi)安全可(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)各運(yun)(yun)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)不得有(you)違反操作(zuo)(zuo)指(zhi)令的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)包括運(yun)(yun)轉方向錯(cuo)誤,操作(zuo)(zuo)手(shou)柄回零位(wei)時(shi)應(ying)立即斷電(dian)、制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)、停車(che)，必要(yao)(yao)(yao)時(shi)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)緊急開關(guan)切(qie)斷電(dian)源故障率要(yao)(yao)(yao)低(di)與常規控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方式(shi)比較，運(yun)(yun)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)不應(ying)降低(di) 。